It is also possible for us to get messages that are presented below the threshold for conscious awareness-these are called subliminal messages. Under quiet conditions, the hair cells (the receptor cells of the inner ear) can detect the tick of a clock 20 feet away (Galanter, 1962). It has been estimated that on a clear night, the most sensitive sensory cells in the back of the eye can detect a candle flame 30 miles away (Okawa & Sampath, 2007). The sensitivity of our sensory receptors can be quite amazing. Another way to think about this is by asking how dim can a light be or how soft can a sound be and still be detected half of the time. Absolute threshold refers to the minimum amount of stimulus energy that must be present for the stimulus to be detected 50% of the time. The sensitivity of a given sensory system to the relevant stimuli can be expressed as an absolute threshold. We also have sensory systems that provide information about balance (the vestibular sense), body position and movement (proprioception and kinesthesia), pain (nociception), and temperature (thermoception). It turns out that this notion of five senses is oversimplified. You have probably known since elementary school that we have five senses: vision, hearing (audition), smell (olfaction), taste (gustation), and touch (somatosensation). The conversion from sensory stimulus energy to action potential is known as transduction. These cells relay messages, in the form of action potentials (as you learned when studying biopsychology), to the central nervous system. For example, light that enters the eye causes chemical changes in cells that line the back of the eye. When sensory information is detected by a sensory receptor, sensation has occurred. What does it mean to sense something? Sensory receptors are specialized neurons that respond to specific types of stimuli. Discuss the roles attention, motivation, and sensory adaptation play in perception.Describe the concepts of absolute threshold and difference threshold.Distinguish between sensation and perception.By the end of this section, you will be able to:
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